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Fifteen years after the end of a protracted civil and regional war, Beirut broke out in violence once again, forcing residents to contend with many forms of insecurity, amid an often violent political and economic landscape. Providing a picture of what ordinary life is like for urban dwellers surviving sectarian violence, The Insecure City captures the day-to-day experiences of citizens of Beirut moving through a war-torn landscape. While living in Beirut, Kristin Monroe conducted interviews with a diverse group of residents of the city. She found that when people spoke about getting around in Beirut, they were also expressing larger concerns about social, political, and economic life. It was not only violence that threatened Beirut's ordinary residents, but also class dynamics that made life even more precarious. For instance, the installation of checkpoints and the rerouting of traffic-set up for the security of the elite-forced the less fortunate to alter their lives in ways that made them more at risk. Similarly, the ability to pass through security blockades often had to do with an individual's visible markers of class, such as clothing, hairstyle, and type of car. Monroe examines how understandings and practices of spatial mobility in the city reflect social differences, and how such experiences led residents to be bitterly critical of their government. In The Insecure City, Monroe takes urban anthropology in a new and meaningful direction, discussing traffic in the Middle East to show that when people move through Beirut they are experiencing the intersection of citizen and state, of the more and less privileged, and, in general, the city's politically polarized geography.

Urban anthropology --- Violence --- City traffic --- Public spaces --- Sociology, Urban --- Urban sociology --- Cities and towns --- Public places --- Social areas --- Urban public spaces --- Urban spaces --- Street traffic --- Traffic, City --- Urban traffic --- Communication and traffic --- Urban transportation --- Violent behavior --- Social psychology --- Anthropology, Urban --- Ethnology --- Beirut (Lebanon) --- Social conditions. --- Beirut --- Beyrout (Lebanon) --- Beyrouth (Lebanon) --- Bejrut (Lebanon) --- Bayrūt (Lebanon) --- Vērytos (Lebanon) --- Baladīyat Bayrūt (Lebanon) --- بيروت (Lebanon) --- Βηρυττός (Lebanon) --- Vēryttos (Lebanon) --- Berytus (Lebanon) --- ביירות (Lebanon) --- Bairut (Lebanon) --- Beyrut (Lebanon) --- Berut (Lebanon) --- Beiroet (Lebanon) --- Beirots (Lebanon) --- Горад Бейрут (Lebanon) --- Horad Beĭrut (Lebanon) --- Бейрут (Lebanon) --- Beirout (Lebanon) --- Βηρυτός (Lebanon) --- Bejruto (Lebanon) --- Béiriút (Lebanon) --- 베이루트 (Lebanon) --- Beirutʻŭ (Lebanon) --- Bewout (Lebanon) --- Beirūta (Lebanon) --- Beirutas (Lebanon) --- Бејрут (Lebanon) --- Бейрут ошсь (Lebanon) --- Beĭrut oshsʹ (Lebanon) --- ベイルート (Lebanon) --- Beirūto (Lebanon) --- Beirot (Lebanon) --- Beirute (Lebanon) --- 贝鲁特 (Lebanon) --- Beilute (Lebanon) --- Anthropology --- Sectarianism

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Reform of Lebanon’s pension system is indispensable. The country already faces fiscal sustainability risks, which will be compounded in the future by significantly higher pensionrelated spending and liabilities, mainly reflecting adverse demographics. In addition to sustainability issues, the pension system also suffers from equity shortcomings—Lebanon is the only MENA country that does not offer social security for retirees in the private sector. While several reform proposals have been formulated since the early 2000s, none has been implemented to date. Costs mount with every year of delay, so action is required soon to address these challenges.

Pensions --- Compensation --- Pension plans --- Retirement pensions --- Superannuation --- Retirement income --- Annuities --- Social security individual investment accounts --- Vested benefits --- Econometric models. --- Lebanon --- Liban --- République libanaise --- Libanon --- Lubnān --- Libanan --- Livan --- Mont-Liban (Turkey : Mutaṣarrifīyah) --- Jabal Lubnān (Turkey : Mutaṣarrifīyah) --- Levanon --- Líbano --- Livanos --- Grand Lebanon --- Grand Liban --- Lebanese Republic --- Jumhūrīyah al Lubnānīyah --- Jumhouriya al-Lubnaniya --- Republic of Lebanon --- لبنان --- جمهورية اللبنانية --- Ліван --- Ліванская Рэспубліка --- Livanskai︠a︡ Rėspublika --- Ливан --- Република Ливан --- Republika Livan --- Λίβανος --- Δημοκρατία του Λιβάνου --- Dēmokratia tou Livanou --- Jumhūrīyyah al-Lubnānīyyah --- 레바논 --- לבנון --- רפובליקה הלבנונית --- Republiḳah ha-Levanonit --- Либан --- Либанска Република --- Libanska Republika --- レバノン --- Rebanon --- レバノン共和国 --- Rebanon Kyōwakoku --- Ливанская Республика --- Республіка Ліван --- Respublika Livan --- Ліванська Республика --- Livansʹka Respublyka --- Levonen --- 黎巴嫩 --- Libanen --- Economic policy. --- Labor --- Public Finance --- Demography --- Fiscal Policy --- Social Security and Public Pensions --- Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts --- Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits --- Private Pensions --- Economics of the Elderly --- Economics of the Handicapped --- Non-labor Market Discrimination --- Retirement --- Retirement Policies --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Population & demography --- Labour --- income economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Pension spending --- Aging --- Expenditure --- Population and demographics --- Population aging --- Expenditures, Public

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The focus of this study is the “Syria Mission”, directed by the Protestant missionary society American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM) from 1819 to 1870 in the Ottoman province of Syria, operating mainly within the territory of present-day Lebanon. The analysis of the cultural transfer between the Ottoman Empire and the United States of America undertaken in this study focuses on four relevant protagonists, whose contributions have not yet been sufficiently explored in missiological studies: The missionaries Eli Smith and Cornelius Van Dyck as well as the Syrian Protestants Butrus al-Bustani and John Wortabet. As a result, the Syria Mission of the ABCFM demonstrates how two different cultures met in a so called contact zone in the mission field and how these dialogue partners, despite many conflicts and disagreements, succeeded in contributing towards a fruitful dialogue. Im Zentrum der Untersuchung steht die Syrienmission der protestantischen Missionsgesellschaft American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM), die sich von 1819 bis 1870 in der Osmanischen Provinz Syrien, d.h. auf dem Gebiet des heutigen Libanon, etablierte. Die Analyse des kulturellen Austausches zwischen dem Osmanischen Reich und den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika setzt bei vier wichtigen Protagonisten an, die in der bisherigen missionsgeschichtlichen Forschung nicht ausführlich bzw. gar nicht Beachtung fanden: Die Missionare Eli Smith und Cornelius Van Dyck sowie die syrischen Protestanten Butrus al-Bustani und John Wortabet. Die Syrienmission des ABCFM ist ein Beispiel dafür, wie zwei verschiedene Kulturen in der sogenannten contact zone der Missionsstationen aufeinander trafen und trotz Konflikten und Meinungsverschiedenheiten zu einem fruchtbaren Dialog gelangen konnten.

Missions --- Protestant churches --- History. --- American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. --- Syria --- Religion --- Protestant sects --- Christian sects --- Protestantism --- Christian missions --- Christianity --- Missions, Foreign --- Theology, Practical --- Proselytizing --- Syria Mission --- Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. --- Sirii︠a︡ --- Iqlīm al-Sūrī (United Arab Republic) --- Iqlīm al-Shamālī (United Arab Republic) --- Syrian Region (United Arab Republic) --- سوريا --- Sūriyā --- Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah al-Sūrīyah --- Syrian Arab Republic --- République arabe syrienne --- Sowria --- Syrie --- R.A.S. --- RAS --- Ittiḥād al-Duwal al-Sūrīyah --- Fédération des États de Syrie --- Syrische Arabische Republik --- SAR --- Suryah --- Arabska Republika Syryjska --- Syrien --- Jumhuriya al-Arabya as-Suriya --- Repubblica Araba Siriana --- جمهورية العربية السورية --- Jumhūriyyah al-ʻArabiyyah as-Sūriyyah --- Сірыя --- Siryi︠a︡ --- Сірыйская Арабская Рэспубліка --- Siryĭskai︠a︡ Arabskai︠a︡ Rėspublika --- Сирийската арабска република --- Siriĭskata arabska republika --- Συρία --- Αραβική Δημοκρατία της Συρίας --- Aravikē Dēmokratia tēs Syrias --- 시리아 --- Siria --- סוריה --- רפובליקה הערבית הסורית --- Republiḳah ha-ʻArvit ha-Surit --- シリア --- Shiria --- Сирия --- Сирийская Арабская Республика --- Siriĭskai︠a︡ Arabskai︠a︡ Respublika --- Сирія --- Syrii︠a︡ --- Сирійська Арабська республіка --- Syriĭsʹka Arabsʹka respublika --- 敘利亞 --- Xuliya --- United Arab Republic --- Mission --- Middle East --- Lebanon --- USA --- Ottoman Empire --- transcultural dialogue --- Eli Smith --- Cornelius Van Dyck --- Butrus al-Bustani --- John Wortabet --- Naher Osten --- Libanon --- Osmanisches Reich --- transkultureller Dialog --- American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions --- American Broadcasting Company --- Arabische Sprache --- Beirut --- Protestantismus